The quasi-randomization theory supporting its use in nonresponse adjustment treats response as an additional phase of random sampling. The purpose of this paper is to propose a completely design-based estimation strategy that accounts for both problems without resorting to models but simply performing a two-step calibration. They reviewed 26 studies, conducted One way of checking the effect of undercoverage, nonresponse, and other sources of error in a sample survey is to compare the sample with known demographic facts about the population. Undercoverage. Alpha Differences in undercoverage and nonresponse between … record’s undercoverage weight. Even with the same level of nonresponse, bias can be different for various questions. Differences in undercoverage and nonresponse between … A) Nonresponse bias. subject to undercoverage bias (even though an adjustment for undercoverage is made in the benchmarking process). 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