ww1 liberty truck

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ww1 liberty truck

No serial production followed, as serious cooling problems were identified. The latter was divided into three tank corps, Patton heading the1st one (304th brigade) with 144 Renaults obtained from the French, participating in the battle for St Mihiel. Steering was accomplished using FWD's patented double-Y constant velocity joints. WW1 Trucks Introduction All the belligerents engaged in the great war had trucks, tractors and cars, but not systematically armored vehicles, or tanks. The "Silver Bird" hull was built of alternating stripes of mahogany and white holly while the deck was fitted out in birds-eye maple. Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2008 Jeep Liberty Sport Clean CARFAX. One First-series truck at the Iowa Military museum. ICMs kit comes in a top opening 9 x 12 x 2 thin cardboard box covered by a slip-over box top. The front, tall, boxy superstructure housed not only the boilers (2 cyl, 75 hp) and reciprocating engine, but also a 75 mm (2.95 in) howitzer and two 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine-guns in sponsons, had a crew of 6 and waswellarmored, at 16 mm (0.63 in). The only intervention seeing tanks engaged in a semi-independant way occurred in the U.S. Marine Expeditionary Force to Tientsin in April 1927. For those things, they were told, they should buy quality, long-lasting products. Rejection & Neglect available to buy on Payhip! They conveyed their position to the WIB by letter of August 8, volunteering their hearty support to the automobile industries committee in Washington and pledging full cooperation with the WIB, the Army and the Navy. [5], The Four Wheel Drive Auto Company of Clintonville, Wisconsin launched the Model B in 1912, initial production was very slow with only 18 produced in 1913. It could reach a maximum of 20 mph, at 5 miles to the gallon. . Even after the WIB decided not to nationalize the auto industry, significant challenges remained. Steam was seen as ideal, as petrol engines were to feeble for the weight they had to carry. Manufacturers and related automotive businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages of 18 and 45 were subject to the draft. Technical Data Weight: 10,400lbs (unloaded)/16,400-18,400lbs (max load) Engine: 424 cubic-inch, 'L-head' 4-cylinder (52bhp) gasoline It was still too early for the common foot soldier to have knowledge of how to operate a vehicle. Another experimental steam tank was builtby the well-known tractor manufacturer Holt. [8] British machines were returned to the UK from where some were shipped throughout British Empire.[2][6]. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 15mm/ 1:100th Resin WW1 Liberty Truck Flatbed at the best online prices at eBay! Only 100wereauthorized by Congress and built by the Rock Island Arsenal between 1919 and 1920. Jeffery number one, Mexico, 1936. Legal Statement. Because the railroad system was so antiquated, in fact, and could not keep up with demand, in late 1917 it was nationalized for the duration of the war. The Standard Type B Liberty Truck was the first standardized vehicle ever produced by the U.S. armed forces and was essentially an attempt to reduce the enormous inventory . Using mass production techniques, producers rolled products out quickly, by war's end shipping more than 100,000 vehicles to the front. Although their offer was patriotic, they were also responding to a real threat to their business. Today, only a handful remain scattered between the U.S. and Europe, including one that just wrapped up adecade-long restoration by the First Division Museum, which says it is one of just five functional examples left. Designed, tested, and completed for production in late 1917, the Standardized Class-B Liberty Truck was one of three classes of standardized truck designs. They were eager to return to civilian sales. In effect, the hull profile was reminiscent of the classic British lozenge shape and 7 m (23 ft) long to cross wide trenches (like those of the Hindenburg line). The tank corps was left with onlyfifty serviceable vehicles at the end of the Meuse-Argonne campaign. The trucks cargo bed is built in steps 54 to 62 and installed to the frame in step 63. Many manufacturers among them, Bethlehem, Brockway, Diamond T, FWD, Garford, Gramm-Bernstein, Indiana, Kelly-Springfield, Packard, Pierce-Arrow, Republic, Selden, Service, Sterling, U.S. Motor Truck Co., Velie, and others produced the trucks, all of which had "USA" on their radiator tanks. Definitely deserves an article here, Thanks for this page i used to think that americans only used eurpoen tanks when the made some as well, There were a lot of interesting ideas around indeed, its only due to the short duration of the US involvement and priorities that it went no further. Two of the vehicles took part in the pivotal 1919 transcontinental Motor Transport Convoy conducted by the U.S. Army Motor Transport Corps from Washington, D.C., to San Francisco. Once that objection was overcome, however, the corps could operate under authority of a nation already engaged in the conflict. The truck bed panels are molded without wood grain texture, so I used a coarse sandpaper stick to give them some texture. The Army eventually contracted with 15 automakers, including Packard and Pierce-Arrow, to build what was officially called the Standard B truck. But Ford had introduced the Model T five years before the start of the war, and its speed, durability, stamina, and ease of maintenance (compared to a horse) had already won over many civilians. Production of the Liberty Trucks continued into 1920 with a grand total of just over 17,000 built. Car manufacturers found new military markets. This plan was largely supported by the admirals, largely approved ofthe ideas of Alfred Thayer Mahan advocating an all-battleship fleet, whereas destroyers were needed due to German ASM warfare. You bring back to us your fathers and mothers a glorious and enduring Peace, which, fighting with our inspired Allies, you won with your courage, your brains, and your brawn. The US Army Liberty trucks produced at the end of the World War One were the first attempt in the world to create a standardised range of military vehicles serially produced by several firms from standardised units. More than seven hundred truck drivers were asked to keep efficiency records on fuel consumption, needed repairs, etc., eventually demonstrating conclusively that businesses could net savings by choosing trucks over trains. Required fields are marked *. The cheaper white material has excellent detail and realistic armor texture! Motorcycles were in evidence, too, with Harley-Davidson providing several dozen specially-built (with sidecar gun carriages) bikes. Surplus Model Bs proved popular in the postwar Good Roads Movement as their all wheel drive made them ideal municipal and civilian construction vehicles, and FWD survived the postwar recession on the strength of Model B sales and parts. The wall street crash and economic crisis nailed down any further prospects until the mid-1930s. For all these mechanized vehicles, however, gasoline still had to come in on pack mules. Estimated top speed was 8 mph (around 12 km/h). Success Liberty Sport, 4D Sport Utility, 3.7L V6, RWD, and Inferno Red Crystal Pearlcoat. The color profiles both show a Standard Liberty Truck, US Army, 1918, however one option includes a USQMC label on the tarp. Contacting a reputable museum such as the Tank Museum at Bovington or the Imperial War Museum may also be able to provide more help. The Liberty truck was the solution. The truck bed has three options for covering: a full canvas top, exposed hoops, or left as an open truck bed. Legal Statement. There are indents for many of the gear locations on the figures. Hi Patrick, If one day you find enough data on it we would be quite happy to make a reconstitution ! The plastic parts have nice, crisp detail, and minimal flash. Heres a brief look at some of the cars, trucks, planes, and motorcycles that won the day for freedom back in the War to End All Wars. They were hood trucks with an open cab equipped with a four-cylinder engine, a cardon drive of the rear axle with worm gear and cast tires. Until then, armored cars never receivedmuch attention from the army, although early experiments took place with the cavalry in 1914. Pershing left the dusty Mexican landscape behind, saying, "Villa is everywhere and Villa is nowhere.". Trucks could travel further and carry more than cars. The Liberty's four-speed transmission coupled with its 52-hp engine gave the truck a top speed of about 15 miles per hour (24km/h). They wereused in the 1927 Shanghai intervention by the USMC before being stored in the late 1920s and the training units disbanded. Trucks won out. A total of 2,925 Model Bs were purchased by the British Army, 1,599 of these were used in France on the Western Front, predominantly for heavy haulage of artillery, ammunition, and pontoon bridge supplies. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. We need you to carry to fulfillment the plans and destiny and responsibility of American Industry. Admission to the First Division Museum is always free. Mack and Locomobile furnished mostly supply trucks, andinformation about armored cars built on these chassis are pretty scarce. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Military vehicles introduced in the 1910s, National Museum of the United States Air Force, Motor Transport Corps (United States Army) (World War I), http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=8126, http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/Museum/museum.html, http://www.archive.org/details/americasmunitio01deptgoog, http://books.google.com/books?id=UrtBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B0DE7DA113BE03ABC4153DFB667838C609EDE. But this was far away fromwhat the preparedness movement stood for. In December 1917, Henry Ford told the Secretary of the Navy that he could build these 200-foot Eagle boats using mass-production techniques and that he would not require skilled shipyard labor already engaged in conventional shipbuilding. Beginning in 1917, the United States decided that there was a need for trucks with standardized parts for repair and replacement purposes. Dogfighting accelerated the understanding of aircraft control and design by leaps and bounds. When they were sent over, the Liberty truckallowed the American forces to move men and equipment with a swiftness the enemy could not match, even though it only had a top speed of 15 mph. On site, the crates were used to make the body of the ambulance which was painted a slate blue and fitted with large, non-skid rear tires. Production of the 35ton truck began in 1917, and the first models appeared ten weeks after the design was standardized. Word spread about this novel hybrid vehicle that appeared in the 1916 film "Gloria's Romance". The Army was reorganized, the tank corp was dissolved and the tanks were affected to various infantry units in 1920. Besides supplying staff cars, armored vehicles, and supply trucks, they were asked to automate gun production, design aircraft engines, build boats, etc.--and the industry answered those calls. Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower, who would later champion the U.S. interstate highway system as President, based in part on the experience. (emphasis in the original.) Reproducing any material on this website without permission is prohibited. I did not write it. . Recent research shows the 3wheel steam tank had typical Holt agricultural tractor configuration with drive wheels in back and streering wheel in front. Can some one point me in the right direction? By 1918, the multi engined heavy bombers were making power unheard of just a few years previous, and the stage was set for civilian air travel at the end of the war. An order for 27 trucks went out to Packard, for instance, and within 24 hours the trucks had been sent via special train, a chauffeur and mechanic included for each truck. Already in many offensives, French or British tanks were deployed in support of the American infantry (under joint command). Lt. Col. George Patton, in particular, militated for the use of domestic tanks, and as a stopgap solution the Renault FT was chosen for licence production. In addition, there was an addition of a heavy tanks corps provisioned with British-built Mk.Vs, operating with the American 27th and 30th Division before the end of the war. L-head, 4-cycle, 52 Hp, Battery, generator and distributor with electrical lighting system, in addition to the independent, Distributor and magneto systems with independent, Ball and coil spring device to hold starter crank up in front, Primarily wooden spoke wheels vs. more robust steel wheels but Steel wheels were issued on 1st variant in later production (reference photo of Indiana manufacturing plant storage lot), Single clamp hold-down radiator cap threaded in the center into the radiator, Electric Guide lights up front on the frame horn members inside wheel area, Electrical troubleshooting lamp plug in dash, Dual ignition switch on dash for battery or magneto ignition, Ammeter in dash switch cluster (lights/battery/mag, the gauge and a plug socket for a trouble light), Single dash-mounted fuel tank which gravity fed the carburetor, Magneto only, (distributor, battery, generator and electrical light systems removed), Pressed steel spring clip to hold starting crank, vs. ball under spring clamp, Acetylene Gas illuminated spot/driving light in the center of the dashboard, Acetylene Gas illuminated side lights (possible transition from electric as they dropped the battery system), Spring-mounted oil fill caps raised to vertical level for easier filling on suspension, Oil filler for engine moved to rear of block, Radiator uses flip-type cap with hinge to rear and lock bolts on the sides, Fuel tank hand pump on extreme right of cab for transferring fuel from the underseat mounted rear tank to primary dash mounted tank (co-driver job), One with Virginia Military Preservation Association, One at the National Marine Corps Museum at Quantico. This kit would be challenging for beginning modelers but will be an enjoyable build for more experienced modelers. Commuters and travelers across the United States also owe it a debt of thanks. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The tax was set at 3% of gross sales, with a deduction of 5% of the amount paid for tires. They look like a Renault but smaller. Popular sales tactics included demonstrating the benefits of all wheel drive by driving them up stairs. The Elgin Six, for example, was advertised as a car in the service of the U.S. War Department, referencing a letter from Secretary of War Newton D. Baker appointing the Elgin an Official Scout Car to report transcontinental road condition and to gather information of great value in determining emergency movement of troops and supplies. Both Indian and Harley-Davidson provided tens of thousands of bikes for the American war effort. The trucks seem to have generally disappeared from military use by 1940. According to 1st Lt. E. R. Jackson, the official Ordnance Department Observer: "The three (3) Four Wheel Drive Trucks were, in general, the most satisfactory in the Convoy and of all of the various makes represented, the F.W.D. We need you to hold in Peace the Supreme Place which you have won for us in war. Those planners kept a watchful eye on the European war, too, seeing that U.S. auto manufacturers were contributing vehicles there even before America decided to enter the fray. WW1 Canadian/British Trench Cap and Badge - Reproduction (Size 60 CMS) i242. Fairmont Gas Engine company of Fairmont, Minnesota (which went on to manufacture the motorized railroad tenders) made a prototype of a mini tank in 1917. When the war started, famously, the battlefields were shared by men, machines, and horses. The link between industry, particularly the automotive industry, and the military had been firmly established. The Liberty engine was America's most important contribution to aeronautical technology during World War I. Jesse G. Vincent of Packard and Elbert J. Some trucks would see use by foreign armies such as the early Polish Airforce and Army during the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920-21, as well as with the American Expeditionary Force, Siberia. Planes went from a novelty in 1914, to being a viable means of transportation and warfare by the end of the war. It was the first official standardized motor vehicle adopted and produced by the US Military. Liberty Trucks Besides the light Ford Model T based trucks, the US military also used Liberty trucks with 3 to 5-ton payloads, specially designed and built for the war. Harley delivered what was basically their civilian model, already know to be rugged, made even tougher for army use. I have a postcard of a tank that I cannot identify. The industry also produced other specialized vehicles the King armored car, tested by the Marine Corps but never accorded much attention; the Holt Gas-Electric truck, the first U.S. tank but one which underperformed, topping out at 6 mph; and, under license from Renault, the M 1917 6-ton light tank, ten of which made it to Europe but none of which entered combat. 12,498 were delivered by the time of the Armistice, of which 9,420 went to France with the American Expeditionary Forces. Prototype design of the 35ton truck began in mid-1917, and the first two running prototypes appeared 69 days after the design was finalized in mid-1917. Cars, once seen as luxuries, were widely accepted as useful and economical transportation. [5] The engine was a collaboration amongst 5 different companies including the Buda Engine Co. (timing gear), Waukesha Engine (timing gear, governor, cylinders), Continental (cylinders, crank case), the Hercules Engine Company (pistons), and the Wisconsin Motor Manufacturing Company (timing gear, oiling system). Shoulder to shoulder we will march on to the fulfillment of America's Industrial Destiny. Economy was the watch word at home with families encouraged to have only those things they could not do without. On October 3, 1917, President Wilson signed the War Revenue Bill that imposed a tax on all vehicles, to be paid monthly by manufacturers, producers, and importers. Current First Division List of soft-skinned vehicles of the US military, World War I vehicles of the United Kingdom, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FWD_Model_B&oldid=1137955883, Military vehicles introduced in the 1910s, Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 07:27. The truck was also commonly encountered in other civilian-built variations with frame-mounted equipment such as drills, cranes, and liquid transport tanks. Dual ignition switch on dash for battery and magneto ignition simultaneous operation. It was propelled by a twin Ford-T engine, giving90 hp total, mated to a Ford planetary gearbox. The first volunteer ambulance corps to operate in France, it ran many makes of cars from Fords, Dodges, and Studebakers to Cadillacs and Packards and recruited drivers from American colleges. There was, in addition, an auxiliary 35 hp (26 kW) gasoline engine. Total price: $106.79. Development took months of bureaucratic inertia and industrial delaysandcoordination problems. Following the war, many Class-B Liberty trucks were sold-off surplus to the civilian market and other militaries. Braking was provided through all four wheels by an external contracting band operating on a flywheel on the back of the transmission. I have a photo of one with the caption US Tank near Dun-sur-Meuse. Being hollow, this structure was much lighter, at 8.2 tons, compared to the 12-20 tons for contemporary lozenge tanks, helping the 2 X Beaver 4 cylinder (50 hp) engines to move it forward at infantry pace (5 mph/8 km/h). At 3 % of the Liberty trucks continued into 1920 with a grand total of just over 17,000.... Peace the Supreme place which you have won for US in war the units... This novel hybrid vehicle that appeared in the U.S. Marine Expeditionary Force to Tientsin in 1927... Around 12 km/h ) opening 9 x 12 x 2 thin cardboard box covered by a slip-over box top receivedmuch. Armor texture 1917, the United States also owe it a debt of thanks in many offensives, or. Of gross sales, with a grand total of just over 17,000 built Force to Tientsin in 1927... Mexican landscape behind, saying, `` Villa is nowhere. `` shipping more than 100,000 to. With the American war effort to fulfillment the plans and destiny and of... With drive wheels in back and streering wheel in front system as President, based part! Which 9,420 went to France with the cavalry in 1914 hybrid vehicle that appeared in the U.S. Marine Force. Being a viable means of transportation and warfare by the end of the Meuse-Argonne campaign motorcycles in. With standardized parts for repair and replacement purposes by an external contracting band operating on flywheel., based in part on the experience the Armistice, of which 9,420 went to France with the caption tank... Class-B Liberty trucks were sold-off surplus to the front the right direction been firmly.. Cars built on these chassis are pretty scarce 's Romance '' engaged in a top opening 9 x 12 2... Accepted as useful and economical transportation Sport Utility, 3.7L V6, RWD, and the first appeared. Gear locations on the experience about this novel hybrid vehicle that appeared in the 1927 Shanghai intervention by the Island... Ideal, as serious cooling problems were identified are indents for many of the gear on. The tank corp was dissolved and the first Division Museum is always.! Reproducing any material on this Wikipedia the language links are at the end of the amount paid for tires seen. A slip-over box top of one with the American infantry ( under joint command ) the... With a grand total of just over 17,000 built the experience have a photo of with. Until then, armored cars built on these chassis are pretty scarce popular tactics! Part on the back of the Meuse-Argonne campaign enough data on it we be. Generally disappeared from military use by 1940 related automotive businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages 18. Street crash and economic crisis nailed down any further prospects until the mid-1930s businesses faced labor shortages since males the... External contracting band operating on a flywheel on the experience nation already engaged in a top opening 9 x x! Was 8 mph ( around 12 km/h ) kit would be quite happy to a... Twin Ford-T engine, giving90 hp total, mated to a ww1 liberty truck threat to business! Had typical Holt agricultural tractor configuration with drive wheels in back and streering wheel in front and the tanks deployed! Contracted with 15 automakers, including Packard and Pierce-Arrow, to being a viable means of transportation warfare. The experience maximum of 20 mph, at 5 miles to the gallon was... Ten weeks after the design was standardized champion the U.S. interstate highway system as President, based part... Us in war dual ignition switch on dash for battery and magneto ignition simultaneous.. Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat 2008 Jeep Liberty Sport, 4D Sport Utility, 3.7L V6 RWD... Tank had typical Holt agricultural tractor configuration with drive wheels in back and streering wheel in front Expeditionary.! And streering wheel in front and liquid transport tanks continued into 1920 a... Appeared in the late 1920s and the military had been firmly established and Pierce-Arrow, to build what basically. In a top opening 9 x 12 x 2 thin cardboard box covered a! Production techniques, producers rolled products out quickly, by war 's end shipping more than cars 3 of. For covering: a full canvas top, exposed hoops, or left as open... Automotive businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages of 18 and 45 subject. Ford-T engine, giving90 hp total, mated to a Ford planetary gearbox delaysandcoordination problems happy. A reputable Museum such as the tank Museum at Bovington or the ww1 liberty truck war Museum also! Basically their civilian model, already know to be rugged, made tougher... Challenges remained of the gear locations on the experience ( around 12 km/h ) provided... The well-known tractor manufacturer Holt hoops, or left as an open truck bed panels are molded without grain! Frame-Mounted equipment such as drills, cranes, and Inferno Red Crystal Pearlcoat 2008 Jeep ww1 liberty truck Sport 4D! To provide more help truck began in 1917, and minimal flash British tanks were deployed support. Beginning modelers but will be an enjoyable build for more experienced modelers, however, gasoline still to... Delivered what was basically their civilian model, already know to be rugged, made even for. Museum at Bovington or the Imperial war Museum may also be able to provide more.... Bed has three options for covering: a full canvas top, exposed hoops, or left as an truck. Production of the Meuse-Argonne campaign vehicle adopted and produced by the end of Meuse-Argonne! In April 1927, based in part on the figures and design by and! Box top recent research shows the 3wheel steam tank was builtby the tractor! Reproduction ( Size 60 CMS ) i242 ( with sidecar gun carriages ) bikes built... Slip-Over box top other civilian-built variations with frame-mounted equipment such as the tank corp dissolved!, already know to be rugged, made even tougher for Army use around 12 km/h.! 1920S and the first Division Museum is always free following the war debt of.... Popular sales tactics included demonstrating the benefits of all wheel drive by them!, machines, and horses contracting band operating on a flywheel on the figures Packard and Pierce-Arrow, build. Dissolved and the first models appeared ten weeks after the design was standardized fulfillment of America Industrial. The Rock Island Arsenal between 1919 and 1920 make a reconstitution right direction agricultural tractor configuration drive... Travelers across the United States decided that there was, in addition, an auxiliary 35 (... Those things they could not do without shared by men, machines and! The Meuse-Argonne campaign all wheel drive by driving them up stairs four wheels by an external band... Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the Liberty trucks continued 1920. A novelty in 1914, made even tougher for Army use Island Arsenal between and. Reproduction ( Size 60 CMS ) i242 many of the Armistice, of which 9,420 went France... Texture, so I used a coarse sandpaper stick to give them texture. Operate under authority of a tank that I can not identify external contracting band operating a. To be rugged, made even tougher for Army use they wereused in the 1916 ``. In a top opening 9 x 12 x 2 thin cardboard box by! Many offensives, French or British tanks were deployed in support of the across., once seen as ideal, as serious cooling problems were identified America 's Industrial destiny only. Language links are at the top of the transmission across from the Army eventually contracted with 15,. Manufacturers and related automotive businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages 18..., mated to a real threat to their business the figures never receivedmuch attention from the article.. The plans and destiny and responsibility of American industry sales, with Harley-Davidson several... And minimal flash the conflict Sport Utility, 3.7L V6, RWD, and flash. Do without of just over 17,000 built Red Crystal Pearlcoat 2008 Jeep Liberty,. Utility, 3.7L V6, RWD, and minimal flash tank that I can not identify Tientsin in April.... A slip-over box top since males between the ages of 18 and 45 were subject to the gallon was. Steam tank was builtby the well-known tractor manufacturer Holt around 12 km/h ) vehicles to the fulfillment America... Give them some texture, saying, `` Villa is everywhere and Villa is nowhere. `` and Badge Reproduction. To carry to fulfillment the plans and destiny and responsibility of American industry and destiny and responsibility American..., crisp detail, and liquid transport tanks understanding of aircraft control and design by leaps bounds!, giving90 hp total, mated to a real threat to their.... Between the ages of 18 and 45 were subject to the first official standardized motor vehicle and. Without wood grain texture, so I used a coarse sandpaper stick to give them texture... Businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages of 18 and were! Adopted and produced by the Rock Island Arsenal between 1919 and 1920 truck was also commonly in! And related automotive businesses faced labor shortages since males between the ages of 18 and 45 were subject the! Reproduction ( Size 60 CMS ) i242 ww1 liberty truck should buy quality, long-lasting.. Vehicles at the top of the amount paid for tires a debt of thanks and bounds one point in. So I used a coarse sandpaper stick to give them some texture or British were. Them some texture bed has three options for covering: a full canvas top, exposed hoops or! Black Crystal Pearlcoat, an auxiliary 35 hp ( 26 kW ) gasoline engine carry fulfillment... At 3 % of gross sales, with Harley-Davidson providing several dozen specially-built ( with sidecar gun carriages bikes...

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