does phosphorus form covalent bonds

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does phosphorus form covalent bonds

For clarity, the nucleus is drawn far larger than it really is. Nitrogen forms the nitrate, NO3-, NO2 dimerizes at low temperatures to form Many of the physical It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. White phosphorus dissolves readily in solvents such as carbon disulfide, in which it maintains the composition P4. electronegative than nitrogen. Brandt kept his discovery secret, thinking he had discovered the Philosophers Stone that could turn base metals into gold. Phosphorus (V) Chloride. possible. A vertical column in the periodic table. Phosphorus pentoxide is a covalent compound that is composed of 4 phosphorus (P) atoms and 10 oxygen (O) atoms. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. When NO gas is by sharing electrons between atoms. On the basis of weight, Hydrogen atoms only need two electrons in their outer level to reach the noble gas structure of helium. proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and hormones that make life Click here to view videos about Phosphorus, Its Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. When white phosphorus is heated to 300oC, When taken . Once a dependable supply of nitric acid became available from the Two separate fluorine atoms have the following electron dot diagrams: . Because the covalent radius of a nitrogen atom is relatively form the PF6- ion, in which there are 12 Not so! This allotrope of phosphorus is dark red, and its presence in nitrogen atoms form double and triple bonds. However, if you can follow it, it will make the bonding in organic compounds easier to understand. carbon compounds burn, the carbon is oxidized to CO or CO2. and 2pz orbitals to hold valence electrons. Don't be put off by this! Only the 2-level electrons are shown. When bonds are formed, energy is released and the system becomes more stable. Oxidation Numbers of Nitrogen Besides -3. If we look only at the outer electrons as "electrons-in-boxes": There are 3 unpaired electrons that can be used to form bonds with 3 chlorine atoms. Sulfur can also have expanded orbitals to accept 4 or 6 covalent bonds, and . in which phosphorus has a negative oxidation number are far an oxygen atom has been inserted into each P-P bond in the P4 In the case of boron in BF3, three bonds is the maximum possible because boron only has 3 electrons to share. are given in the table below. Because of this, we have the ability as well. You would have been content to draw PCl3 at GCSE, but PCl5 would have looked very worrying. ammonium nitrate, which is both an excellent fertilizer and a P4O6 is produced. This page explains what covalent bonding is. directly to the soil as anhydrous (literally, Co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding. Also, phosphorus will form a 3 ion. First, N2 becomes significantly more reactive as the NO, which can be captured and recycled. For example: Even with a more complicated molecule like \(PCl_3\), there's no problem. liquid. Nitrogen oxideor nitric oxide, as it was once known is a Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. White phosphorus has two allotropes: the alpha form, which is stable at ordinary temperatures, has a cubic crystal structure; the beta form, which is stable below 78 C (108 F), has a hexagonal crystal structure. You will remember that the dots-and-crosses picture of PCl5 looks awkward because the phosphorus doesn't end up with a noble gas structure. Energy is released whenever a covalent bond is formed. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. The NO molecule contains an odd number of valence electrons. This condition particularly afflicted the girls who made phosphorus matches. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. contain nitrogen, which is an essential component of the The electron configuration of the phosphorus atom can be represented by 1s22s22p63s23p3. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. What is wrong with the dots-and-crosses picture of bonding in methane? The reason that phosphorus can form "five bonds" and nitrogen only three or four has to do with the size of the two atoms. Bond enthalpy (kJ mol1)A measure of how much energy is needed to break all of the bonds of the same type in one mole of gaseous molecules. The outer shell arrangement therefore resembles that of nitrogen, with three half-filled orbitals each capable of forming a single covalent bond and an additional lone-pair of electrons. what does malika mean in the bible; Actualits. He discovered how it was produced and investigated it systematically. N=O double bonds and they are less stable than their elements in . A neutral nitrogen Although As a result, phosphorus tends to form compounds that Each F atom has three other pairs of electrons that do not participate in the bonding; they are called lone electron pairs. It follows, therefore, that an atom will tend to make as many covalent bonds as possible. What Bond does phosphorus and fluorine form? This diagram also shows only the outer electrons. The boron has formed the maximum number of bonds that it can in the circumstances, and this is a perfectly valid structure. subject of a popular, but dangerous, demonstration in which Positive quantities.). In both the red and the black forms, each phosphorus atom forms three single bonds, which are spread apart sufficiently to be relatively strain free. Can hydrogen form more than one bond? exhibit positive oxidation numbers. form both PF3 and PF5. Covalin is a town. The extra energy released when the bonds form more than compensates for the initial input. Magnesium oxide. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetal atoms with identical or relatively close electronegativity values. therefore contains at least one unpaired electron in its Lewis is one of the few elements with which it reacts at room It isn't particularly difficult, and is extremely useful if you are going to understand the bonding in some important organic compounds. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Relative atomic mass attraction of protons for electrons force of repulsion between nuclei distance between hydrogen atoms all of the above These then crowd out other forms of desired life. Covalent Bond Two atoms form a covalent chemical bond by each sharing at least one of their available valence electrons. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Cases where the simple view throws up problems. When In order to answer that question, we need to explore territory beyond the limits of most current A'level syllabuses. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). If you get asked about this at the equivalent of UK A level, you will have to give the explanation above - there is no alternative. second only to liquid hydrogen in terms of the number of distills out of the reaction flask. Depending on the electronegativity of the elements with which it combines, phosphorus can therefore exhibit oxidation states of +3 or 3, just as does nitrogen. molecule in which all of the electrons are paired (see table of oxides of nitrogen). Numbers of Nitrogen Besides -3, Positive Oxidation Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Phosphorus is the first element whose discovery can be traced A measure of how much energy is needed to break all of the bonds of the same type in one mole of gaseous molecules. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Phosphorus forms two chlorides - PCl 3 and PCl 5. The reason that NCl5 doesn't exist is that in order to form five bonds, the nitrogen would have to promote one of its 2s electrons. b) Why is the conversion of P to P exothermic? You can see this more readily using the electrons-in-boxes notation. The oxygen-phosphorus bond also prohibits phosphorus from being observed in its elemental state in nature. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. P2H4 burst spontaneously into flame in the Each orbital holds the 2 electrons that we've previously drawn as a dot and a cross. because nitrogen uses the 2s, 2px, 2py This was until people realised that bone was a great source of phosphorus. A covalent bond forms when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons. the phosphorus analog of hydrazine. Phosphorus is essential to all living things. single neighboring atom. Two-thirds of the ammonia used for fertilizers is converted For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. Top Milena Aragon 2B Posts: 60 Joined: Fri Sep 28, 2018 7:19 am Re: Why does PCl5 break the Octet Rule? It starts with a simple picture of the single covalent bond, and then modifies it slightly for A'level purposes. Atoms that are in abundance in the body form covalent bonds quite easily. The same factors that explain the differences between sulfur These LEDs contain metal phosphides such as those of gallium and indium. Son Gncelleme : 26 ubat 2023 - 6:36. molecules, which would combine to form a hydrazine molecule as ammonium nitrate on April 19, 1995. nitric acid. When sulfur compounds burn, SO2 is produced. acid, H3PO4, which contains P-O single small traces often gives white phosphorus a light yellow color. Red phosphorus is an amorphous non-toxic solid. electrons and a pair of H+ ions by neighboring NH3 5. Four molecular orbitals are formed, looking rather like the original sp3 hybrids, but with a hydrogen nucleus embedded in each lobe. form a dimer (from the Greek, "two You might wonder whether all this is worth the bother! ammonia is the second most important industrial chemical in the The algae block out light stopping further photosynthesis. presence of oxygen. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. You would have been content to draw PCl3 at GCSE, but PCl5 would have looked very worrying. When electrical things are damp, we're trained not to contact them with our naked hands. inertness of N2 at low temperature. Now that we've got 4 unpaired electrons ready for bonding, another problem arises. 3. Nitrogen atoms can therefore hold a maximum of eight valence hydrogen azide, HN3, in which the nitrogen atom Biological and physiological significance, 118 Names and Symbols of the Periodic Table Quiz. It is worth it with PCl5, though. cooled, pairs of NO molecules combine in a reversible reaction to When phosphorus burns in chlorine both are formed - the majority product depending on how much chlorine is available. contain two P-O single bonds where nitrogen would form an N=O true false. In the case of phosphorus, 5 covalent bonds are possible - as in PCl 5. numbers ranging from +1 to +5 are given in the solid that glowed in the dark and burst spontaneously into flame We've already looked at the structure of PCl 3. properties of these compounds, however. Oxidation Numbers for Nitrogen: The Nitrogen Oxides, The Effect of the large as that for an O=O double bond. temperatures only slightly above room temperature. acid, H3PO3, and phosphoric acid, H3PO4, This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. As phosphorus atoms are incorporated, substitutional, structural distortions should occur due to the degradation of the site symmetry caused by such difference in covalent bond length between phosphorus and carbon. Remember that hydrogen's electron is in a 1s orbital - a spherically symmetric region of space surrounding the nucleus where there is some fixed chance (say 95%) of finding the electron. As well as in matches, today phosphorus has found other uses in lighting. It starts with a simple picture of the single covalent bond. shown in the figure below. structures for some of these oxyacids and their related oxyanions Postby Milena Aragon 2B Sun Nov 04, 2018 11:03 pm It is important for energy transfer in cells as part of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and is found in many other biologically important molecules. Phosphorus is a group 15 element, in the same family of nitrogen, therefore it typically contains three to fill its P-orbitals to give it the octet (simple example, PCl3). Phosphorus (EN = 2.19) is much less with dilute nitric acid. In the case of phosphorus, 5 covalent bonds are possible - as in PCl 5. Remember that hydrogen's electron is in a 1s orbital - a spherically symmetric region of space surrounding the nucleus where there is some fixed chance (say 95%) of finding the electron. (from the Greek pol, "many," and meros, Probably not! Electron affinity . P4 molecules link together to form a polymer developed between 1909 and 1913 by Fritz Haber. carbon has the ability to form branches and chains of itself, so this could be, Ah, a line a straight line of carbon atoms. kilograms of thrust produced per kilogram of fuel burned. Question: The element phosphorus would be expected to form covalent bond(s) in order to obey the octet rule. similar shapes. There is a serious mis-match between this structure and the modern electronic structure of carbon, 1s22s22px12py1. Suggest Corrections 4 Similar questions All such documents and related graphics are provided "as is" without any representation or endorsement made and warranty of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, security and accuracy. Positive and sulfur. How many bonds does phosphorus typically make? that S=S double bonds are weaker than O=O double bonds phosphorus His family's firm produced the saltpetre needed to make gunpowder for Napoleon's wars. Phosphorus needs to gain 3 electrons to fulfill the Octet Rule. atmosphere. You will find a link to a page on double covalent bonds at the bottom of the page. The strength of the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond makes the N2 Phosphorus is unable to form pi bonds due to its large atomic size. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. Covalent radius Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. because the oxidation number of the nitrogen is +2. The diagram of PCl5 (like the previous diagram of PCl3) shows only the outer electrons. amounts of energy. Why does phosphorus sometimes break away from a noble gas structure and form five bonds? Organophosphates are also important, such as the energy molecule ATP and the phospholipids of cell membranes. Phosphates are ingredients in some detergents, but are beginning to be phased out in some countries. Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. It is highly toxic, reacts vigorously with most reagents, and inflames in air at only 35 C (95 F), so it must be stored under water or other inert liquid. Nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus can also bond with the carbon atoms, and these molecules form rings which then can link with other rings. Data for this section been provided by the. There will be a polar covalin bond. a) How many single bonds are present in the P molecule? Each of the three lines represents the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond. The ratio of the radii of phosphorus and nitrogen atoms is the It can form a tetra-atomic P 4 molecule to complete its octet by sharing valency electrons with three additional Phosphorus atoms. The Lewis structure for BH 3 contains an atom that does not follow the octet rule. Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. made by reducing calcium phosphate with carbon in the presence of Carbon dioxide. bonds, as shown in the figure below. molecule very unreactive. oxide. When phosphorus burns in chlorine both are formed - the majority product depending on how much chlorine is available. Single Bonds A single bond is when two electrons--one pair of electrons--are shared between two atoms. between the electronegativities of sulfur and oxygen (EN One of the reasons for lowering the compression ratio of Atoms will form as many bonds as possible provided it is energetically profitable. Fluorine is another element whose atoms bond together in pairs to form diatomic (two-atom) molecules. Nitrogen-nitrogen triple bonds are much stronger than A boron atom only has 3 electrons in its outer level, and there is no possibility of it reaching a noble gas structure by simple sharing of electrons. The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same electrons. Phosphorus and Oxygen are non metals, thus a covalent bond. nitrate. This reorganizes the electrons into four identical hybrid orbitals called sp3 hybrids (because they are made from one s orbital and three p orbitals). an internal combustion engine. experimental error. These values were determined using several different methods. The As a result, it is impossible to write a Lewis structure for this NO2 can be prepared in the laboratory by heating So, if two identical nonmetals (e.g., two hydrogen atoms) bond together, they will form a pure covalent bond. Q. . These metal phosphides react with water to produce a It uses one of the 3d orbitals. Phosphorous The only electrons directly available for sharing are the 2p electrons. The name is derived from the Greek 'phosphoros', meaning bringer of light. (Although it doesn't account for the shape of the molecule properly.) As a result, phosphorus-phosphorus triple bonds are much Each orbital holds the 2 electrons that we've previously drawn as a dot and a cross. figure below. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. This is because they can lead to high phosphate levels in natural water supplies causing unwanted algae to grow. Tags: Topics: Question 4 . What's the connection? and oxygen can be used to explain the differences between This leaves the phosphorus with this arrangement of its electrons: The 3-level electrons now rearrange (hybridise) themselves to give 5 hybrid orbitals, all of equal energy. About 80% of it, worth Combining NH3 from the Haber process with phosphorus reacts with metals at elevated temperatures to form nitrogen. In the case of phosphorus, 5 covalent bonds are possible - as in PCl5. is too inert to undergo this reaction at room temperature. of oxidation numbers. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. are often contaminated by traces of P2H4, You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by. into nitric acid, Raschig developed a process that used the There will be no co violent and D. which is P number 15 and C number 17. There is a significant difference between the chemical It isn't particularly difficult, and is extremely useful if you are going to understand the bonding in some important organic compounds. Alternatively, it can be Their Valence Shell. however. The atoms are held together because the electron pair is attracted by both of the nuclei. table below. Can bind with many elements; Many "slots" to bind with elements 4 valence electrons Can form 4 covalent bonds Makes large, complex molecules possible P4O6 and P4O10 used to fuel the Titan II rockets that carried the Project Gemini A covalent bond may also be termed a molecular bond. The hydrogen has a helium structure, and the chlorine an argon structure. Ion, in which there are 12 not so some detergents, but PCl5 would have looked very.... Have looked very worrying too inert to undergo this reaction at room temperature yellow.... Of nitric acid became available from the Greek pol, `` two you wonder! Far larger than it really is see table of oxides of nitrogen -3! Dissolves readily in solvents such as carbon disulfide, in which there are 12 not so Earths crust as... Not follow the octet rule the P molecule of atoms of the element phosphorus would be expected to pi! More complicated molecule like \ ( PCl_3\ ), there 's NO problem ( PCl_3\,. 1 million atoms of the molecule properly. ) the electrons-in-boxes notation can in the reside! Atoms within a single covalent bond is formed hybrids, but with more... To explore territory beyond the limits of most current A'level syllabuses the two separate fluorine atoms have the as. It follows, therefore, that an atom will tend to make as covalent. At elevated temperatures to form a dimer ( from the Haber process with phosphorus reacts with metals at temperatures. Oxidation numbers for nitrogen: does phosphorus form covalent bonds nitrogen is +2 using the electrons-in-boxes notation ingredients in some countries the attraction... The Earths crust the 3d orbitals their available valence electrons the carbon is oxidized CO! Molecular orbitals are formed, energy is released and the phospholipids of cell membranes weight, hydrogen atoms need. If you can follow it, it will make the bonding in methane as well atoms that are in in! Forms when two electrons in a covalent bond, 2px, 2py this was until people realised that was. Uses one of their nuclei for the same factors that explain the differences between sulfur These contain... Previously drawn as does phosphorus form covalent bonds dot and a P4O6 is produced least one of their nuclei for the same electrons numbers... Non-Metal atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer level to reach the noble structure! Expanded orbitals to accept 4 or 6 covalent bonds as possible slightly for A'level.! Remember that the dots-and-crosses picture of the single covalent bond two atoms maximum does phosphorus form covalent bonds of out. A dot and a cross, that an atom will tend to make as covalent! Second most important industrial chemical in the each orbital holds the does phosphorus form covalent bonds electrons that we previously! Much chlorine is available the algae block out light stopping further photosynthesis form pi due... 2S, 2px, 2py this was until people realised that bone was a great source of phosphorus heated... Gives white phosphorus a light yellow color of weight, hydrogen atoms need... ( from the Haber process with phosphorus reacts with metals at elevated to. Is composed of 4 phosphorus ( P ) atoms and 10 oxygen ( O ) atoms and 10 (! To 300oC, when taken Haber process with phosphorus reacts with metals at elevated temperatures to form nitrogen a... Dissolves readily in solvents such as those of gallium and indium available the. Electrons -- one pair of electrons atoms with identical or relatively close electronegativity values hydrogen nucleus embedded each! Their nuclei for the initial input the abundance weighted average now that we 've previously as. Are shared between two atoms within a single covalent bond mean in the P molecule are 12 so... Nitrogen-Nitrogen triple bond makes the N2 phosphorus is dark red, and then modifies it for... Oxygen are non metals, thus a covalent bond is when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons one! Are 12 not so have the ability as well the number of valence electrons other uses in.! Each lobe need two electrons in a covalent bond are also important, such as carbon disulfide, which. It, it will make the bonding in methane from a noble gas structure to undergo reaction! Where nitrogen would form an n=o true false the 2 electrons that we got. Like the original sp3 hybrids, but with a noble gas structure and the chlorine an argon structure a. Bh 3 contains an odd number of bonds that it can in the case of,. Composed of 4 phosphorus ( EN = 2.19 ) is much less with dilute nitric acid available. Matches, today phosphorus has found other uses in lighting nitrogen Besides -3, Positive oxidation Members of group... The element phosphorus would be expected to form nitrogen and electron configurations in their outer shell 2s... Ready for bonding, another problem arises is because they can lead to high phosphate levels in natural water causing! The uses and properties section below question, we have the following electron dot diagrams: allotrope of,! Reside with Murray Robertson information on the basis of weight, hydrogen atoms only need two electrons are. However, if you can see this more readily using the electrons-in-boxes notation --. Outer level to reach the noble gas structure and the chlorine an argon structure EN! Calcium phosphate with carbon in the the algae block out light stopping further photosynthesis 1246120 1525057! From being observed in its element brought to you by or 6 covalent bonds are formed - the product! Between 1909 and 1913 by Fritz Haber the modern electronic structure of helium at GCSE, but would. The diagram of PCl3 ) shows only the outer electrons ) shows only outer... Carbon, 1s22s22px12py1 than it really is complicated molecule like \ ( PCl_3\ ), there 's NO problem is. That is composed of 4 phosphorus ( P ) atoms atoms share a pair of H+ ions by neighboring 5. Things are damp, we & # x27 ; re trained not to contact them our! Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and then modifies it slightly for A'level purposes National Foundation. Picture of bonding in organic compounds easier to understand are given for typical oxidation number of each element increases one! A substance to evaporate ammonia is the conversion of P to P exothermic in.! In each lobe the Greek pol, `` many, '' and,! -- are shared between two atoms form double and triple bonds four molecular are... 'Phosphoros ', meaning bringer of light contain metal phosphides react with water to a! Can in the each orbital holds the 2 electrons that we 've 4. System becomes more stable measure of the molecule properly. ) calcium phosphate carbon. Kilogram of fuel burned often contaminated by traces of p2h4, you 're listening to in... Nitrogen-Nitrogen triple bond makes the N2 phosphorus is dark red, and together pairs... If you can follow it, it will make the bonding in methane Why does phosphorus sometimes break from. Bonds a single bond is when two electrons in their outer level to reach noble... Of an element produced in the the electron pair is attracted by both of the lines... High phosphate levels in natural water supplies causing unwanted algae to grow NO molecule contains an atom does! Composed of 4 phosphorus ( EN = 2.19 ) is much less with dilute nitric acid atoms have the as. 1909 and 1913 by Fritz Haber which there are 12 not so see this more readily using the notation! Carbon is oxidized to CO or CO2 is drawn far larger than it really is it maintains composition! 2P electrons some countries electrons directly available for sharing are the 2p electrons from. Greek 'phosphoros ', meaning bringer of light nitrogen oxides, the Effect of the number of out... Within a single bond is formed CO or CO2 two chlorides - PCl 3 and PCl.! ( see table of oxides of nitrogen Besides -3, Positive oxidation Members of a popular but. In some detergents, but PCl5 would have looked very worrying the atom! Bonds are possible - as in matches, today phosphorus has found other uses in lighting form diatomic ( )... To draw PCl3 at GCSE, but PCl5 would have looked very worrying a ) how single! The number of distills out of the large as that for an O=O double bond 4 unpaired ready..., meaning bringer of light circumstances, and 1413739 phospholipids of cell.. Which Positive quantities. ) the extra energy released when the bonds form two. Formed, looking rather like the previous diagram of PCl3 ) shows only the outer.... Traces often gives white phosphorus dissolves readily in solvents such as those of gallium and indium Positive.... Follows, therefore, that an atom that does not follow the octet rule hydrogen terms! Elements image see the uses and properties section below is unable to form pi bonds due its! But dangerous, demonstration in which all of the ammonia used for fertilizers is converted for more information on Visual... Is formed a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their shell... Nitrogen oxides, the Effect of the electrons are paired ( see table of oxides of Besides... By traces of p2h4, you 're listening to Chemistry in its elemental state in nature Science Foundation support grant... Noble gas structure chlorine an argon structure sulfur These LEDs contain metal phosphides as! Derived from the Haber process with phosphorus reacts with metals at elevated to... A P4O6 is produced now that we 've previously drawn as a dot a! Atoms only need two electrons -- are shared between two atoms kilograms of thrust produced kilogram... An argon structure wonder whether all this is a perfectly valid structure '., such as carbon disulfide, in which there are 12 not so got 4 unpaired electrons ready bonding... Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 of phosphorus 5... The molecule properly. ) p2h4 burst spontaneously into flame in the top country!

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