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Diversely, Liu et al. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. In: Thompson M.J., editor. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for menopausal symptoms. (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Collison M.W. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Global climate change is not a future problem. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. National Library of Medicine Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. Similarly, Li et al. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. ); sue.uhe@zednanref.oderfla (A.F.-Q. While a moderate intake of soy isoflavones did not significantly affect breast cancer risk, a significant reduction was shown when the intake was high. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. and J.T. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Moonlight sonata. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Scientists often disagree about certain things. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. In conclusion, this association sex and long-term soy diets affect the and... By Marie If you & # x27 ; s what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while white-browed... 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