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date palm pest

Infested fruits were totally or partially destroyed, and mostly fell to the ground before full ripening. [20] The upper survival time limit of properly stored seeds remains unknown. Young date leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, as is the terminal bud or heart, though its removal kills the palm. I found that the principal pest, the larva of a Gelechiid moth, had finished its work, and had wandered away from the palms to pupate ; and though I was unable to solve the problem of its life-history, I had the good fortune to discover a good deal that was new about the … [29], An article on Date palm tree cultivation is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.[30]. Plants grown from cuttings will fruit 2–3 years earlier than seedling plants. The date palm stem-borer (DPB) Jebusea hammerschmidti (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important pest of date palm in the Middle East, North Africa and India. Developing or implementing an IPM program for a crop involves a systematic application of knowledge about the crop and the pests involved. [45] The glycemic index for three different varieties of dates are 35.5 (khalas), 49.7 (barhi), and 30.5 (bo ma'an). This has significantly changed the pest and disease complex of date palm, calling for the implementation of climate resilient pest and disease management programs. Dates are one of the ingredients of HP Sauce, a popular British condiment. The bug, which is also a pest in coconut and oil palm plantations, began infesting date palms in the Middle East two decades ago, before creeping across Africa and Europe. Partially dried pitted dates may be glazed with glucose syrup for use as a snack food. On the sidelines of its participation in the 6th International Date Palm Conference held in Abu Dhabi, the Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority (ADFCA) has launched a guide for date p A major palm pest, the red palm beetle (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) currently poses a significant threat to date production in parts of the Middle East as well as to iconic landscape specimens throughout the Mediterranean world. Reflecting the maritime trading heritage of Britain, imported chopped dates are added to, or form the main basis of a variety of traditional dessert recipes including sticky toffee pudding, Christmas pudding and date and walnut loaf. They can also be processed chemically as a source of oxalic acid. Processed leaves can be used for insulating board. White scale: In North Africa, they are commonly used for making huts. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, "Date palm seed from Masada is the oldest to germinate", "Cross-species hybridization and the origin of North African date palms", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Genome-wide association mapping of date palm fruit traits, Whole genome re-sequencing of date palms yields insights into diversification of a fruit tree crop, http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ho/2002/sp0212.pdf, "Date Fruits: Benefits, Palm, cultivation - Green Diamond Dates", "Popular date palm fruit types: Sukkary dates", "How One Indian Couple Saved 'The Fruit of Kings, "Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm)", "Canary Island date palm: Phoenix canariensis (Arecales: Arecaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States", "Unusual Cased Set Of Two Silver Date Forks, London 1937", "Dates in a wooden plate on a wooden table – stock image", International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, "In Vivo Comparative Studies on Antigenotoxicity of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Pits Extract Against DNA Damage Induced by N-Nitroso-N-methylurea in Mice", "Floral Stalk on Date Palm: A New Discovery". Three main cultivar groups of date exist: soft (e.g. This book also benefited from the results of the IFAD funded project in Iraq on “improved livelihoods of small farmers in Iraq through integrated pest management and organic fertilization”. Originally from tropical Asia, the red palm weevil has spread to Africa and Europe, reaching the Mediterranean in the 1980s. A badly damaged date palm and the Red Palm Weevil. The date palm is dioecious, having separate male and female plants. Dates (especially Medjool and Deglet Nour) are also cultivated in America in southern California, Arizona, southern Texas, and southern Florida in the United States, and in Sonora, and Baja California in Mexico. Date Palma Dubai - Trusted date palm supplier. Regular palm tree trimming is necessary and beneficial for the tree as it promotes healthy growth and helps to inhibit the infestation of red weevils- a palm tree pest that can diminish the quality of dates and eventually cause the death of the tree. Some features of this site may not work without it. [39][40] Recent innovations include chocolate-covered dates and products such as sparkling date juice, used in some Islamic countries as a non-alcoholic version of champagne, for special occasions and religious times such as Ramadan. Date palms in a deserted village in Behbahan, Iran, Dates on palm tree outside Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan, palm tree cultivated for its edible sweet fruit. Dates were introduced into Mexico and California by the Spaniards in 1765, around Mission San Ignacio. The finely ground seeds are mixed with flour to make bread in times of scarcity. Manual pollination is done by skilled labourers on ladders, or by use of a wind machine. It was certainly domesticated by 3000 B.C. Date palms can take 4 to 8 years after planting before they will bear fruit, and start producing viable yields for commercial harvest between 7 and 10 years. They do not all ripen at the same time so several harvests are required. Manure makes an excellent fertilizer in early spring. The damaged fruits are used for feeding livestock by date palm gardeners. Bayoud is considered the most serious disease of date palm, especially in Morocco and Algeria, where it has destroyed millions of date palms. This guide presents the latest information on date palm Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs by leading authorities in the field. The UAE has pledged $2 million (Dh7.3m) to a fund set up to support the eradication of a deadly pest wiping out date palms. Most commercial plantations thus use cuttings of heavily cropping cultivars. According to the FAO, 60 percent of the world's 100 million date palms are in the Arab world, which produces some 70 percent of date exports, with the UAE a leading exporter. [14] The ancient Hebrews made the fruit into wine, vinegar, bread, and cakes, also using the fruit stones to fatten livestock and the wood to make utensils. Lesser date moth is an important insect pest of date palm infesting fruits. Like most houseplants, you will need to keep an eye out for scale bugs and aphids. Another major disease that is fast emerging is Al Wijam in the Gulf region. Major insect pests of date palm. A date palm cultivar, probably what used to be called Judean date palm, is renowned for its long-lived orthodox seed, which successfully sprouted after accidental storage for 2000 years. The world production of dates has increased from 1.8 million tons in 1962 to over 8.0 million tons at present. date palm in the recent years as a monocrop has resulted in new challenges, including the emergence of pests and diseases, which requires the development of sustainable pest and disease management programs. Traditionally the female flowers are the most available for sale and weigh 300–400 grams (11–14 oz). [11] The fruit is known as a date. Dry or soft dates are eaten out-of-hand, or may be pitted and stuffed with fillings such as almonds, walnuts, pecans, candied orange and lemon peel, tahini, marzipan or cream cheese. They are believed to have originated around what is now Iraq. Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). The type of fruit depends on the glucose, fructose, and sucrose content. In Israel date syrup, termed silan, is used while cooking chicken and also for sweets and desserts, and as a honey substitute. Not all cities and countries have benefited with the date palms resilience and ease of growth. Furthermore, this publication highlights the guidelines and methodologies for pest surveillance, design and analysis of common IPM experiments, application of geoinformatics in developing distribution and risk maps for the management of pests and diseases. The leaflets are 30 cm (12 in) long and 2 cm (0.79 in) wide. Ripe and dry dates fruit bunches at the Khurram Abdullah Bajwa Date Farm in Medina. Dates are an important traditional crop in Iraq, Iran, Arabia, and north Africa west to Morocco. The pygmy date palm is mostly pest resistant also. "Date Palm". Male date palms are often used in landscaping because once mature they do not yield the annual crop of dates which can sometimes attract pests. Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm, is a flowering plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit. In addition to irrigation and support, palms need good nutrient management and pest and disease control. Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as date or date palm,[2] is a flowering plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit. The lesser date moth eats unripe fruit. Key words: date palm, organic culture, processing, marketing, pest control. Leaf sheaths are prized for their scent, and fibre from them is also used for rope, coarse cloth, and large hats. In later times, traders spread dates around South West Asia, northern Africa, and Spain. Date Palm Dubai Regular palm tree trimming is necessary and beneficial for the tree as it promotes healthy growth and helps to inhibit the infestation of red weevils- a palm tree pest that can diminish the quality of dates and eventually cause the death of the tree. [54] In Psalm 92:12 "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree". Dates contain a single stone about 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1.0 in) long and 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) thick. In Pakistan, a viscous, thick syrup made from the ripe fruits is used as a coating for leather bags and pipes to prevent leaking. Pest and disease management In the Quran, Allah instructs Maryām (the Virgin Mary) to eat dates when she gives birth to Isa (Jesus);[51] and, similarly, they are recommended to pregnant women.[52]. The crop’s tolerance to high temperature, drought, and salinity makes it suitable to the harsh environment in the MENA region. At about 61-68 percent sugar by mass when dried, dates are a very sweet fruit. Bahrain News. Phoenix dactylifera, the date palm, is a multipurpose crop with high economic value. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Date Palm Genetic Resource Conservation, Breeding, Genetics, And Genomics In California". The flowers of the date palm are also edible. The most important are: The Gaza Strip, especially Deir al-Balah ("Village of Dates"), is known for its exceptionally sweet red dates. A potential insect problem for the pygmy date palm is red date scale, Phoenicococcus marlatti.This stationary insect pest inserts a straw-like mouthpart into the palm as removes large amounts of plant sap, resulting in fronds remaining closed, premature leaf aging, or plant death. Date palms can take 4 to 8 years after planting before they will bear fruit, and produce viable yields for commercial harvest between 7 to 10 years. 'Dayri', 'Deglet Nour', 'Zahdi'), and dry (e.g. The frond borer is not a major economic pest of date palm trees, however, the larvae of J. hammerschmidtii cause severe damage by boring and feeding on plant tissues, which leads to infection by pathogens and also … Objectives of the study were evaluating the existing production practices and constraints of date palm production to generate baseline information for further researches and extension. The sugar content of ripe dates is about 80%; the remainder consists of protein, fiber, and trace elements including boron, cobalt, copper, fluorine, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc. Key informant i… They are also used as ornamentation in the Feast of the Tabernacles. Larvae enters the fruit and damages pulp and immature seeds. [53] [42] Some designs were patented. The soil should have the ability to hold the moisture. Mustapha El Bouhssini, Jose Romeno Hilario Faleiro De Socorro. The total annual world production of dates amounts to 8.5 million metric tons, countries of the Middle East and North Africa being the largest producers.[9]. Google Scholar. The oil contains lauric acid (36%) and oleic acid (41%). (30/11/2018). Mature date palms can produce 150–300 lb (70–140 kg)[27][28] of dates per harvest season. [43] These have generally been replaced by an inexpensive pale-colored knobbled plastic fork that resembles a date branch (example[44]), which is traditionally included with numerous brands of prepackaged trays of dates (example), though this practice has declined in response to increased use of resealable packaging and calls for fewer single-use plastics. Nine of these survived and in 1935, cultivars were transferred to the "U.S. Dates are also processed into cubes, paste called 'ajwa, spread, date syrup or "honey" called "dibs" or rub in Libya, powder (date sugar), vinegar or alcohol. The ancient Egyptians used the fruits to make date wine, and ate them at harvest. (Popenoe, 1924). They are to be considered, more or less, as representative for the whole region, because of the similarity of the terrain, similarity of growing conditions and the passage of planting material throughout the years. After planting date palms, you will need to follow good date palm tree care. Recently the floral stalks have been found to be of ornamental value in households.[49]. In Islamic culture, dates and yogurt or milk are traditionally the first foods consumed for Iftar after the sun has set during Ramadan. The flower buds are used in salad or ground with dried fish to make a condiment for bread. Sultan Qaboos University Journal of Scientific Research (Agricultural Science), 3, 77–83. The RPW was first noted in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid 1980's and in Egypt in 1992 (Figure 124). In the Middle-East, RPW has been the most destructive insect pest of date palm and is designated as category-1 pest by FAO. [17] The date palm was a popular garden plant in Roman peristyle gardens, though it would not bear fruit in the more temperate climate of Italy. Date palms appear in the archaeological record in North Africa about 2,800 years ago, suggesting that the hybrid was spread by the Minoans or Phoenicians.[22]. It is estimated that over 50% of the date palm plantations are young, below the age of 20 years offering an ideal situation for pests like red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier to establish and proliferate. Date trees typically reach about 21–23 metres (69–75 ft) in height,[7] growing singly or forming a clump with several stems from a single root system. As a result, the weevil is considered a major pest in palm plantations, including the coconut palm, date palm and oil palm. Dates can also be dehydrated, ground and mixed with grain to form a nutritious stockfeed. Pollen must be harvested from the male flowers to hand pollinate the female flowers. In the Bible palm trees are referenced as symbols of prosperity and triumph. Many Jewish scholars believe that the "honey" reference in the Bible to "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus chapter 3) is actually a reference to date "honey", and not honey from bees.[50]. [3], Date trees typically reach about 21–23 metres (69–75 ft) in height,[7] growing singly or forming a clump with several stems from a single root system. However, with assistance, one male can pollinate up to 100 females. The IPM program on date palm should be based on real, field-specific situations and feasible solutions. There are over 100 million date palms worldwide, of which 60% are in the MENA region. Some growers do not even maintain any male plants, as male flowers become available at local markets at pollination time. Date palms require well-drained deep sandy loam soils with a pH of 8-11 (i.e., alkali). The species name dactylifera "date-bearing" comes from the Greek words daktylos (δάκτυλος), which means "date" (also "finger"),[10] and fero (φέρω), which means "I bear". It has made the invasive species list in some parts of the United States, Canada and Australia[36][37][38] but these references are to the related but inedible Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis). Date palm is currently cultivated in nearly 30 countries on the Asian, African, American, and Australasian continents. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a major fruit crop in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). With the release of this improved genome assembly, the UAE researchers were able to map genes for fruit color and sugar content. Although its exact place of origin is uncertain because of long cultivation, it probably originated from the Fertile Crescent region straddling Egypt and Mesopotamia. Stored dates can also be effected. Eventually this stock was reintroduced to Africa and led to the U.S. production of dates in Yuma, Arizona, and the Bard Valley in California.[35]. Although its exact place of origin is uncertain because of long cultivation, it probably originated from the … It was first recorded in Spain in 1994, and in France in 2006. The paper includes surveys and studies made over the last two decades on the "Arthropod Pests of the Date Palm", in UAE. Date fruits are oval-cylindrical, 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long, and 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) diameter, and when ripe, range from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on variety. Dates are naturally wind pollinated, but in both traditional oasis horticulture and in the modern commercial orchards they are entirely pollinated manually. This has significantly changed the pest and disease complex of date palm, calling for the implementation of climate resilient pest and disease management programs. The major pests include the red palm weevil, (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), old world date mite (Oligonychus afrasiaticus), lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula), Dubas date bug (Ommatissus lybicus), green pit scale (Palmaspis phoenicis), carob moth (Ectomyelois ceratoniae), date palm longhorn beetle (Jebusaea hammerschmidti), and almond moth (Cadra cautella). Date palm trees are attacked by the longhorn date palm stem borer, Jebusaea hammerschmidtii, and the frond borer, Phonapate frontalis in several countries. The approach proposed in this guide to control major pests and diseases of date palm is flexible enough to accommodate the changing demands of agriculture, commerce, and society and will be useful to farmers, pest managers and others involved in the date palm sector. Date seeds are also ground and used in the manner of coffee beans, or as an additive to coffee. The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv., also called the Indian palm weevil, is well known in the Middle East where it causes severe damage on date palms (Table 68). Dates can also be chopped and used in a range of sweet and savory dishes, from tajines (tagines) in Morocco to puddings, ka'ak (types of Arab cookies) and other dessert items. Date palm bunches and fruits surfaces are cover by dusts when the spider mite outbreaks. Experimental studies have shown that feeding mice with the aqueous extract of date pits exhibit anti-genotoxic and reduce DNA damage induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea. [23][24] The draft genome sequence was improved in 2019 with the release of a more complete genome sequence using small molecule real-time sequencing technology by a team from the New York University Abu Dhabi Center for Genomics and Systems Biology and the UAE University Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in the United Arab Emirates. Dried leaf petioles are a source of cellulose pulp, used for walking sticks, brooms, fishing floats and fuel. On the other hand, in older plantations, where irrigation may be scarce the long horn beetle, Jebusea hammerschmidti Reich is emerging as a challenge. Date palm with fruits at the Abdul Aziz Date Farm in Medina. In 2009, a team of researchers at the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar published a draft version of the date palm genome (Khalas variety). – a key pest of date palm in the Middle-East. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. HowStuffWorks.com. Vinegar made from dates was a traditional product of the Middle East. There are following major insect pest od date palm; Lesser date moth: Batrachedra amydraula is a major pest of date palm and causes 50-75% losses. In the 1920s, eleven healthy Madjool palms were transferred from Morocco to the United States where they were tended by members of the Chemehuevi tribe[which?] Dates provide rural livelihood security to millions of farmers in the arid regions of the world and are of significance to human nutrition, due to their high content of essential nutrients. The leaves are also used as a lulav in the Jewish holiday of Sukkot. Date fruits (dates) are oval-cylindrical, 3 to 7 centimetres (1.2 to 2.8 in) long, and about 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) in diameter, ranging from bright red to bright yellow in colour, depending on variety. This variety of palm is mostly disease resistant and a good choice in landscaping. Aside from these two critters, the Pygmy Date Palm Tree doesn’t tend to attract pest. This guide on date palm IPM is a comprehensive overview on the biology (life cycle, damage, losses, geographical distribution, and host range) and management of major pests and diseases of date palms, besides addressing issues related to farming practices in relation to pest and disease management. For female date palms, there are three main date palm varieties used most for landscaping; the Medjool date palm, … Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning Repository. Mature leaves are also made into mats, screens, baskets and fans. For more information read the date palm Agnote PDF (238.2 KB). A total of 117 household heads were interviewed using structured and semistructured questionnaires. A large number of date cultivars are grown. A badly damaged date palm. Larvae and adults of the date moth B. amydraula attacked fruits particularly throughout the fruit growing period between April and July. 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